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PMS

What is PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)?

5 min read

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  1. What is PMS?

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) includes a range of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the days leading up to menstruation. It’s a common condition typically experienced before periods start.

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    Who can have it?

PMS can affect anyone with ovaries, including women of reproductive age, non-binary, and transgender individuals. This reflects the diversity of experiences among those who menstruate.

  1. How many people have PMS?

PMS prevalence varies globally. Recent studies show that about 47.8% of women of reproductive age experience PMS. Around 75% of menstruating individuals report some symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and 3% to 8% experience severe symptoms. These differences depend on diagnostic criteria, cultural perceptions, and reporting practices across regions.

  1. How do I know if I have PMS or PMDD?

To differentiate between PMS and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), observe the intensity and impact of symptoms. PMDD presents more severe emotional and physical symptoms, significantly affecting daily life.

  1. What are the symptoms?

PMS symptoms include:

  • Changes in appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Abdominal and back pain
  • Headaches
  • Bloating and breast tenderness
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
  • Restlessness
  • Anxiety, irritability, anger, mood swings, and crying
  • Food cravings

  1. Is it a hormone imbalance?

PMS isn’t caused by a hormone imbalance but rather by heightened sensitivity to normal hormone fluctuations, leading to various symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

Why does this sensitivity happen?

This sensitivity is complex and not fully understood. However, several factors may contribute:

  • Hormone Sensitivity: Some individuals are more sensitive to the normal hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. This is not due to an imbalance but rather how their body responds.
  • Neurotransmitter Changes: Hormonal fluctuations can affect neurotransmitters like serotonin, which plays a key role in mood regulation. Changes in serotonin may contribute to PMS symptoms.
  • Genetic Factors: A genetic predisposition may make some individuals more susceptible to PMS. Studies suggest PMS may run in families, indicating a potential genetic link.
  • Stress and Lifestyle Factors: Stress, diet, and exercise can influence how the body responds to hormonal changes, potentially worsening symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or over-the-counter pain relievers may help ease PMS symptoms.
  • Inflammatory Responses: Inflammation might play a role, with hormonal fluctuations affecting the body’s inflammatory response, possibly heightening PMS symptoms.
  • Calcium and Magnesium Levels: Fluctuations in these minerals could impact the severity of symptoms.
  • Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies: Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin B6, might exacerbate sensitivity to hormonal changes.

The exact cause of this sensitivity varies among individuals and may involve a combination of these factors. Ongoing research continues to explore the complexities of PMS and how the body responds to hormonal fluctuations, particularly the role of estrogen and progesterone.

  1. How about diagnosing?

PMS is diagnosed by tracking symptoms over a menstrual cycle. Healthcare providers may use symptom diaries or questionnaires to assess the pattern and severity of physical symptoms of PMS.

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  1. Is it treatable?

Yes, PMS is treatable. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and diet to medications like hormonal birth control or antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), depending on the severity and individual needs.

  1. What are the causes?

The exact cause of Premenstrual Syndrome isn’t fully understood. It’s believed to involve changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle and brain chemistry, along with lifestyle factors like stress and trauma.

  1. How do Reproductive Hormones Affect PMS?

Sex hormones significantly influence PMS, though the exact mechanisms aren’t entirely clear.

  • Cyclic Hormonal Changes: PMS symptoms change with hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. These symptoms typically disappear during pregnancy and menopause.
  • Estrogen Levels: Higher estrogen levels in adolescents may be linked to PMS.
  • Hormonal Events Post-Ovulation: PMS and PMDD are triggered by hormonal events after ovulation. Symptoms can begin at different stages of the luteal phase and can affect your daily life.
  • Estrogen Surplus and Progesterone Deficiency: An excess of estrogen and a deficiency of progesterone might contribute to PMS symptoms. Serotonin also plays a role.
  • Lack of a Clear Theory: There is no single theory explaining which hormones trigger PMS or why only some individuals experience it.

  1. What is the relationship between PMS and trauma?

Trauma and existing mental health conditions, like chronic fatigue syndrome, can increase the risk of PMS and PMDD. A study with young Arab women found a significant link between sexual harassment and the frequency of premenstrual disorders. Those harassed more frequently had higher rates of PMS and PMDD.

  1. Is it a mental illness?

Premenstrual Syndrome is not classified as a mental illness, but it can significantly affect mental health. PMDD, however, is recognized as a mental health disorder due to its severe psychological symptoms.

  1. Is it a mood disorder?

While PMS includes mood-related symptoms, it is not considered a mood disorder. PMDD, on the other hand, is classified as a mood disorder due to its severe and debilitating mood swings.

  1. What kind of doctor treats PMS?

Gynecologists, primary care physicians, and sometimes psychiatrists or psychologists can treat Premenstrual Syndrome. The choice of specialist often depends on the severity of the symptoms.

  1. How does digital therapy help with PMS relief?

Digital therapy, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) apps or online counseling, can provide accessible support and strategies for managing Premenstrual Syndrome symptoms, particularly the emotional and psychological aspects.